第二节 差价和比价（2） 2003/12/31 9:59:39
三、质量差价
质量差价是指同一品种，由于质量因素而导致价格上的差异，也就是按质论价。在价格计划管理以前，鱼价随行就市，各种形式的质量差异如死鱼同活鱼、质优鱼同质次鱼、大规格同小规格鱼等都按其不同的使用价值，有相应的质量差价。这种质量差价在市场自然形成。1956年以后，鱼价实行计划管理，本着优质优价、劣质劣价的原则，具体规定各种水产品的每档规格的价格，还规定了同一品种、同一规格的死活差价。这样的规定，虽有章可循，但较之自然形成的质量差价，不尽合理，执行也有困难。最难的莫过于鲜鱼的质量差价，虽也曾对符合鲜销要求的海、淡水鱼试行过按质量差别规定档次等级价格，结果，由于鲜活水产品的鲜度较难准确鉴定，等级标准也不容易划分，成为规定容易执行难，因而不了了之。这是因为水产品的鲜度差异全凭感官判断，难免发生偏差。同时，还受供求状况的左右，当市场供不应求时，往往以死充活，以次充好，变相提级提价，难以执行按质论价政策。
上海市主要海水产品市区批发销售价格表
| 年份
|
大黄鱼
（375克以上）
|
小黄鱼
（125克以上）
|
带鱼
（200克以上）
|
乌贼
（100克以上）
|
||||
| 批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
|
| 1950
|
45.75
|
51.33
|
30.27
|
38.20
|
22.93
|
28.67
|
14.49
|
19.83
|
| 1951
|
41.15
|
47.85
|
26.02
|
33.63
|
20.89
|
26.33
|
23.71
|
29.56
|
| 1952
|
32.21
|
38.20
|
23.35
|
30.25
|
22.41
|
27.50
|
20.71
|
26.50
|
| 1953
|
38.49
|
47.83
|
27.24
|
34.83
|
24.86
|
29.86
|
23.57
|
29.29
|
| 1954
|
37.93
|
44.93
|
27.87
|
35.50
|
28.74
|
34.01
|
25.61
|
31.67
|
| 1955
|
32.31
|
37.50
|
23.83
|
31.16
|
25.64
|
30.62
|
26.53
|
32.75
|
| 1956
|
30.99
|
37.98
|
24.44
|
31.26
|
25.00
|
30.00
|
22.37
|
28.33
|
| 1957
|
31.44
|
37.42
|
25.74
|
31.50
|
23.37
|
28.46
|
24.03
|
30.08
|
| 1958
|
30.97
|
36.81
|
26.08
|
31.75
|
24.42
|
29.59
|
23.10
|
28.87
|
| 1959
|
31.76
|
37.72
|
27.11
|
32.80
|
23.64
|
28.85
|
23.44
|
28.78
|
| 1960
|
30.70
|
36.55
|
27.33
|
33.12
|
25.36
|
30.36
|
23.21
|
28.21
|
| 1961
|
32.00
|
38.00
|
28.94
|
34.94
|
25.89
|
30.89
|
33.80
|
38.80
|
| 1962
|
32.00
|
38.00
|
29.67
|
35.00
|
26.00
|
31.00
|
24.00
|
29.00
|
| 1963
|
32.00
|
38.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.95
|
30.95
|
21.72
|
26.52
|
| 1964
|
33.14
|
39.14
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.39
|
30.38
|
20.21
|
24.94
|
| 1965
|
33.59
|
39.76
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
24.61
|
29.61
|
19.99
|
24.78
|
| 1966
|
33.53
|
39.41
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
24.78
|
29.78
|
19.56
|
24.32
|
| 1967
|
33.71
|
39.64
|
29.86
|
34.86
|
24.30
|
29.15
|
19.70
|
24.39
|
| 1968
|
33.73
|
39.71
|
29.87
|
34.87
|
24.98
|
29.98
|
20.26
|
25.07
|
| 1969
|
33.77
|
39.67
|
29.88
|
34.88
|
24.93
|
29.93
|
20.83
|
25.17
|
| 1970
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.47
|
30.47
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1971
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.48
|
30.48
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1972
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.48
|
30.48
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1973
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.48
|
30.48
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1974
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.48
|
30.48
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1975
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.37
|
30.37
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1976
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.50
|
30.50
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1977
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.50
|
30.50
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1978
|
34.00
|
40.00
|
30.00
|
35.00
|
25.50
|
30.50
|
21.00
|
26.00
|
| 1979
|
37.17
|
43.33
|
31.17
|
36.33
|
27.33
|
32.50
|
22.17
|
27.17
|
| 1980
|
49.25
|
55.83
|
35.33
|
41.33
|
34.33
|
40.17
|
27.08
|
32.08
|
| 1981
|
49.25
|
55.83
|
35.33
|
41.33
|
34.33
|
40.17
|
27.08
|
32.08
|
| 1982
|
49.25
|
55.83
|
35.33
|
41.33
|
35.75
|
41.75
|
27.08
|
32.08
|
| 1983
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
37.00
|
43.00
|
37.00
|
43.00
|
28.00
|
33.00
|
| 1984
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
37.00
|
43.00
|
37.00
|
43.00
|
28.00
|
33.00
|
| 1985
|
210.61
|
251.96
|
136.05
|
158.86
|
83.40
|
99.68
|
79.13
|
94.83
|
| 1986
|
369.25
|
504.17
|
|
|
114.39
|
137.00
|
109.83
|
131.80
|
| 1987
|
700.00
|
850.00
|
333.00
|
100.00
|
136.17
|
161.27
|
135.67
|
162.92
|
| 1988
|
放开
|
放开
|
334.32
|
401.18
|
200.40
|
240.48
|
223.80
|
268.56
|
| 1989
|
放开
|
放开
|
396.00
|
475.20
|
200.40
|
240.48
|
231.12
|
277.34
|
| 1990
|
放开
|
放开
|
316.20
|
379.44
|
256.10
|
307.32
|
253.92
|
304.70
|
（续表）
| 年份
|
马鲛鱼
（500克以上）
|
鳓鱼
（500克以上）
|
鲳鱼
（250克以上）
|
鳗鱼
（1000克以上）
|
||||
| 批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
|
| 1950
|
|
|
35.03
|
43.05
|
48.20
|
55.98
|
|
|
| 1951
|
|
|
34.68
|
42.66
|
49.77
|
57.70
|
|
|
| 1952
|
|
|
30.28
|
37.75
|
39.71
|
47.42
|
|
|
| 1953
|
|
|
36.98
|
45.00
|
44.82
|
52.67
|
|
|
| 1954
|
|
|
36.24
|
44.00
|
42.24
|
50.50
|
|
|
| 1955
|
|
|
31.35
|
39.08
|
38.43
|
46.33
|
|
|
| 1956
|
33.84
|
39.84
|
31.84
|
39.27
|
37.16
|
45.09
|
25.65
|
31.10
|
| 1957
|
34.60
|
40.60
|
32.70
|
39.67
|
37.71
|
44.75
|
27.46
|
33.16
|
| 1958
|
35.89
|
41.89
|
32.85
|
39.28
|
37.79
|
44.54
|
28.87
|
33.62
|
| 1959
|
36.86
|
42.86
|
33.17
|
39.17
|
38.38
|
45.02
|
28.85
|
34.84
|
| 1960
|
37.47
|
43.47
|
33.47
|
39.47
|
38.94
|
45.67
|
28.50
|
34.50
|
| 1961
|
41.73
|
48.31
|
36.48
|
42.48
|
42.48
|
49.49
|
32.51
|
38.51
|
| 1962
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1963
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1964
|
43.39
|
50.19
|
37.39
|
43.59
|
43.39
|
50.39
|
32.59
|
38.59
|
| 1965
|
41.98
|
48.46
|
37.28
|
43.28
|
43.51
|
50.51
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1966
|
41.01
|
47.42
|
37.27
|
43.27
|
43.27
|
50.27
|
32.51
|
38.51
|
| 1967
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1968
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1969
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1970
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1971
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1972
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1973
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1974
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1975
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1976
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.0
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1977
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1978
|
39.00
|
45.00
|
38.00
|
44.00
|
44.00
|
51.00
|
33.00
|
39.00
|
| 1979
|
41.33
|
47.50
|
42.50
|
49.00
|
47.50
|
54.83
|
36.33
|
42.50
|
| 1980
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
| 1981
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
| 1982
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
| 1983
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
| 1984
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
65.00
|
74.00
|
53.00
|
60.00
|
| 1985
|
75.50
|
91.29
|
127.79
|
151.22
|
139.17
|
163.77
|
106.23
|
126.23
|
| 1986
|
90.85
|
120.82
|
164.75
|
197.70
|
184.37
|
220.71
|
137.78
|
164.75
|
| 1987
|
134.17
|
163.92
|
214.58
|
257.50
|
202.00
|
242.00
|
169.50
|
202.92
|
| 1988
|
151.20
|
181.44
|
285.60
|
342.72
|
223.44
|
268.13
|
220.92
|
265.10
|
| 1989
|
151.20
|
181.44
|
285.60
|
342.72
|
223.44
|
268.13
|
220.92
|
265.10
|
| 1990
|
158.20
|
189.84
|
336.60
|
403.92
|
298.99
|
358.79
|
261.88
|
314.26
|
资料来源：上海市水产供销公司。
上海市主要淡水产品市区批发销售价表
| 年份
|
青鱼
（活2500克以上）
|
草鱼
（活1500克以上）
|
鳙鱼
（活500克以上）
|
鲢鱼
（活500克以上）
|
鲤鱼
（活1000克以上）
|
鲫鱼
（活150克以上）
|
鳊鱼
（活500克以上）
|
|||||||
| 批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
批发
|
零售
|
|
| 1950
|
51.87
|
60.20
|
46.09
|
53.41
|
37.13
|
42.31
|
29.67
|
36.75
|
29.57
|
36.52
|
51.76
|
66.20
|
|
|
| 1951
|
67.03
|
76.66
|
59.36
|
66.88
|
45.70
|
56.02
|
34.81
|
37.20
|
33.98
|
40.91
|
61.61
|
89.88
|
|
|
| 1952
|
55.73
|
62.91
|
49.60
|
57.08
|
38.12
|
45.72
|
32.00
|
39.07
|
32.99
|
39.99
|
56.85
|
78.45
|
|
|
| 1953
|
67.11
|
73.27
|
57.58
|
65.08
|
41.97
|
49.13
|
33.77
|
38.56
|
36.50
|
43.52
|
70.85
|
83.08
|
|
|
| 1954
|
60.87
|
67.13
|
52.26
|
59.83
|
39.65
|
46.20
|
34.32
|
39.25
|
38.93
|
45.93
|
69.61
|
84.86
|
|
|
| 1955
|
54.87
|
62.35
|
45.80
|
53.27
|
35.22
|
39.72
|
30.59
|
37.88
|
30.22
|
37.22
|
57.69
|
70.30
|
|
|
| 1956
|
57.13
|
64.68
|
49.92
|
57.40
|
37.26
|
44.44
|
32.28
|
39.60
|
37.92
|
44.92
|
59.21
|
74.93
|
|
|
| 1957
|
60.30
|
68.92
|
52.11
|
60.50
|
38.14
|
46.25
|
31.83
|
40.40
|
41.71
|
48.71
|
60.18
|
75.93
|
|
|
| 1958
|
61.63
|
70.36
|
53.81
|
62.22
|
38.86
|
46.55
|
33.12
|
41.00
|
41.88
|
48.88
|
59.35
|
74.00
|
|
|
| 1959
|
61.83
|
71.67
|
55.50
|
64.17
|
40.08
|
48.33
|
34.25
|
43.08
|
43.23
|
51.04
|
64.23
|
80.23
|
63.00
|
79.00
|
| 1960
|
63.00
|
74.00
|
59.00
|
70.00
|
43.00
|
53.00
|
36.00
|
46.00
|
45.00
|
54.00
|
66.00
|
82.00
|
63.00
|
79.00
|
| 1961
|
71.10
|
89.94
|
71.87
|
84.71
|
51.58
|
62.19
|
43.36
|
53.36
|
56.65
|
67.48
|
76.30
|
93.03
|
69.81
|
87.23
|
| 1962
|
86.00
|
100.00
|
80.00
|
94.00
|
57.00
|
68.00
|
48.00
|
58.00
|
64.00
|
76.00
|
83.00
|
100.00
|
77.00
|
96.00
|
| 1963
|
79.05
|
92.00
|
73.92
|
86.26
|
53.13
|
63.03
|
45.24
|
54.13
|
59.58
|
69.92
|
74.95
|
89.24
|
70.33
|
86.16
|
| 1964
|
75.39
|
87.61
|
67.40
|
78.21
|
48.59
|
57.40
|
41.40
|
49.40
|
54.78
|
63.59
|
69.56
|
81.96
|
65.18
|
75.57
|
| 1965
|
70.00
|
80.42
|
62.42
|
72.42
|
45.92
|
53.92
|
38.33
|
45.75
|
50.67
|
58.67
|
69.67
|
81.61
|
68.33
|
78.33
|
| 1966
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1967
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1968
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1969
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1970
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1971
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1972
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1973
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1974
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1975
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1976
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1977
|
73.00
|
84.00
|
64.00
|
74.00
|
48.00
|
56.00
|
39.00
|
47.00
|
52.00
|
60.00
|
72.00
|
84.00
|
70.00
|
80.00
|
| 1978
|
79.50
|
92.00
|
71.00
|
82.00
|
54.00
|
63.00
|
45.00
|
53.50
|
59.00
|
68.00
|
79.00
|
92.00
|
78.00
|
90.00
|
| 1979
|
92.67
|
107.33
|
82.33
|
94.67
|
62.33
|
72.33
|
53.17
|
62.00
|
70.67
|
81.17
|
90.33
|
104.67
|
91.33
|
105.83
|
| 1980
|
119.00
|
136.00
|
97.50
|
111.00
|
69.00
|
78.50
|
59.50
|
67.00
|
88.00
|
100.50
|
112.00
|
128.00
|
118.00
|
135.00
|
| 1981
|
119.00
|
136.00
|
97.50
|
111.00
|
69.00
|
78.50
|
59.50
|
67.00
|
88.00
|
100.50
|
112.00
|
128.00
|
118.00
|
135.00
|
| 1982
|
119.00
|
136.00
|
97.50
|
111.00
|
69.00
|
78.50
|
59.50
|
67.00
|
88.00
|
100.50
|
112.00
|
128.00
|
118.00
|
135.00
|
| 1983
|
119.00
|
136.00
|
97.50
|
111.00
|
69.00
|
78.50
|
59.50
|
67.00
|
88.00
|
100.50
|
112.00
|
128.00
|
118.00
|
135.00
|
| 1984
|
119.00
|
136.00
|
97.50
|
111.00
|
69.00
|
78.50
|
59.50
|
67.00
|
88.00
|
100.50
|
112.00
|
128.00
|
118.00
|
135.00
|
| 1985
|
186.53
|
217.17
|
142.77
|
165.28
|
94.41
|
110.77
|
80.38
|
92.84
|
113.38
|
130.13
|
172.60
|
196.26
|
174.40
|
201.75
|
| 1986
|
放开
|
放开
|
放开
|
放开
|
126.79
|
152.26
|
108.41
|
129.86
|
放开
|
放开
|
214.31
|
257.13
|
200.65
|
237.56
|
| 1987
|
|
|
|
|
145.83
|
175.00
|
125.00
|
150.00
|
|
|
267.00
|
320.00
|
250.00
|
300.00
|
| 1988
|
|
|
204.14
|
390.00
|
119.20
|
190.00
|
149.16
|
268.40
|
|
|
242.64
|
450.00
|
254.76
|
480.00
|
| 1989
|
|
|
256.10
|
410.00
|
148.60
|
200.40
|
185.76
|
267.50
|
|
|
305.52
|
470.00
|
325.92
|
530.00
|
| 1990
|
|
|
256.10
|
410.00
|
148.60
|
199.60
|
185.76
|
264.80
|
|
|
305.52
|
550.00
|
325.92
|
550.00
|
说明：（1）1950～1958年零售价格摘自工农商品比价资料。
（2）上述批零价格均为有价日年度平均价。
（3）1985年4月13日本市水产品价格放开后，表列价格系国营主渠道定购鱼货的销售价，不包括议价。
（4）1985年11月16日开始，青鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼的销售价格放开，因无价格记录，未作计算资料。
（5）资料来源于上海市水产供销公司。
四、季节差价
季节差价是指同一品种在不同季节里的价格差别。水产品价格在随行就市时期，反映在淡旺季节差价非常明显，有的相距1倍以上。有些时令水产品的季节差价上下幅度更大。1956年对水产品价格实行计划管理后，淡旺季节差价逐步缩小，至1959年一般在50％左右，非常年供应的品种还低于这个幅度。以后，水产品供应紧俏时，季节差价几乎消失。据1963年资料：以1957年的青鱼、草鱼、鳙鱼、鲢鱼、乌鳢、黄鳝、鲫鱼等7个品种的销售年最高平均价为100，则年最低平均价约为84。其中生产季节性比较显著的黄鳝的差价也只有31％。海水鲜鱼中除带鱼等少数品种因质量有明显的季节差别，仍保持一定的季节差价外，大黄鱼和小黄鱼已无季节差价。1959年以后，水产品货源减少，市场供应紧俏，季节差价基本消失。虽在1979年明文规定安排一定的季节差价，但在1982、1983年又取消季节差价，实行全年一价。1985年4月13日水产品价格放开以后，合理的季节差价也随之恢复。